Design by contract in python- part three

I covered py.contracts and zope.interface, now it’s time to write about abc module from python standard library.

I wanted to write about another library dpcontrancts, but unfortunately, I wasn’t able to download it from PyPi.

When I was reading and reviewing material for previous posts I found out that there is a way to use python standard library abc.ABCMeta for contracts- I decided to give a try.

First, you have to know what are metaclasses: understanding python metaclasses and what are they needed for: Why use Abstract Base Classes in Python?.

After this introduction let’s jump straight to the code:

import abc

classExternalAPIPortMetaclass(object, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):

    @abc.abstractmethod
    defsearch(self, query,*args,**kwargs):ifnotisinstance(query,str):raise ValueError('Query should be string')classExternalAPIPort(ExternalAPIPortMetaclass):def__init__(self, adapter):
        self.adapter = adapter

    defsearch(self, query,*args,**kwargs):super(ExternalAPIPort, self).search(query,*args,**kwargs)return self.adapter.search(query,*args,**kwargs)

What is happening here? I defined ExternalAPIPortMetaclass as a metaclass that inherits from abc.ABCMeta (This code snippet is valid for python 3). Then I decided to make abstractmethod called search so all instances of that metaclass will have to provide such function. Inside this code, I check whether provided query is a string or not. In ExternalAPIPort which inherits from previously defined I have to call super for ExternalAPIPortMetaclass search method. Thanks to that I can make a validation of query. Right after that I simply return search query.

What I don’t like there is fact that I need to add additional line of code inside ExternalAPIPort.search with super just for checking contract which can trick others. That’s why I think that metaclasses and contracts are two different topic besides that they have some pieces in common (both are designed for telling: here I make contract that you must obey).

To sum up this whole series I believe contracts are useful for telling others that I made agreement that this function has to take and return certain value. In python word where is so called duck typing and I don’t think they are necessary in every case but designing by contracts can be helpful as I shown in examples.

Thank you for reading!